怀集县木荷防火林带的防护效能

怀苎县营建的木荷生物防火林带，经测试具有很好的抗火性、耐火性、难燃性等特点，可阻隔地表火和林冠火的蔓延，起到防火的作用，并可改善林地环境，防止水土流失，其经济效益、生态效益和社会效盖显著。文章还介绍了木荷防火林带的营建技术。     

SBB防护剂处理木材湿胀性、力学性能及阻燃性能等效果的研究

木材保护药剂SBB处理马尾松材后对木材湿胀性、力学性能及阻燃性能影响的研究结果表明:处理材的气干湿胀率与未处理材相比有所增大,(NH4)2HPO4与SBB质量配比对试材湿胀率的影响不明显。质量比为1∶3的(NH4)2HPO4与SBB的混合液以10%浓度处理的试材的体积湿胀率为最小,且该混合液处理的试材阻燃性能最佳。随着药剂处理浓度的增大,处理材顺纹抗压强度增大较明显,处理材静曲强度和抗弯弹性模量略有降低。     

中国南方冰雪灾害对森林火灾火发生短期影响分析——以湖南为例

以湖南省为研究区域,分析冰雪后短期内(3月份)卫星热点的空间分布特征、与受害程度的空间关系,森林火灾发生的特点和扑火人员伤亡情况,以及气象因素对火发生的影响.结果表明:处于受害区确认为森林火灾的卫星热点占总数的61.00%.2008年3月份火灾次数和过火面积异常增高,共发生火灾3 097起,过火面积23 227.68 hm2,火灾次数超过1999-2007年3月份火灾次数的总和,且是1999-2007年3月份火灾次数总和的120.65%,3月份平均火灾次数的10.86倍.过火面积是1999-2007年3月份总和的88.40%,3月份平均过火面积的4.69倍.人员伤亡40人,是1999-2007年3月份人员伤亡总和的72.73%,平均伤亡人数的6.56倍.冰雪灾害后,2008年3月火灾次数、过火面积和人员伤亡人数的异常增高已经超出了气温和降水对火发生正常影响的范围.     

Survival and growth of upland oak and co-occurring competitor seedlings following single and repeated prescribed fires

Studies within and outside the U.S. indicate recurring oak (Quercus spp.) regeneration problems. In deciduous forests of the eastern U.S., a prevailing explanation for this trend is fire suppression leading to high competitor abundance and low understory light. In response, prescribed fire is increasingly used as a management tool to remedy these conditions and encourage future oak establishment and growth. Within eastern Kentucky, we implemented single and repeated (3×) prescribed fires over a 6-yr period (2002–2007). Pre- and post-burn, we quantified canopy cover and oak seedling survival and growth compared to other woody seedlings deemed potential competitors, primarily red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees.). Burning temporarily decreased canopy cover 3–10%, but cover rebounded the subsequent growing season. Repeated burning ultimately produced canopy cover about 6% lower than sites unburned and burned once, suggesting a cumulative effect on understory light. Red maple exhibited low survival (∼40%) following single and repeated burns, but growth remained similar to unburned seedlings. Burning had little impact on sassafras survival and led to total height and basal diameters 2× greater than unburned seedlings. A single burn had no impact on red oak (Erythrobalanus spp.) survival and increased height and basal diameters 25–30%, but this positive growth response was driven by seedlings on several plots which experienced high burn temperatures and consequently high overstory mortality. White oaks (Leucobalanus spp.), however, exhibited twice as high mortality compared to those unburned, with no change in growth parameters. Repeated burning negatively impacted survival and growth of both oak groups compared to unburned seedlings. With both burn regimes, oaks with smaller pre-burn basal diameters exhibited the lowest post-burn survival. Thus, despite the ability of prescribed burns to temporarily increase understory light and reduce red maple survival, neither single or repeated burns placed oaks in an improved competitive position. These findings result from a combination of highly variable yet interdependent factors including the (1) life history traits of oaks compared to their co-occurring competitors, (2) pre-burn stature of pre-existing oak seedlings, and (3) variability in fire temperature and effects on understory light.     

Microbial properties and litter and soil nutrients after two prescribed fires in developing savannas in an upland Missouri Ozark Forest

On some landscapes periodic fire may be necessary to develop and maintain oak-dominated savannas. We studied the effects of two annual prescribed burns to determine their effect on microbial activity and soil and litter nutrients 1 year after the last burn. Surface litter and soil from the upper 0–5 cm soil layer in three developing savannas (oak-hickory, Quercus-Carya), oak-hickory-pine (Quercus-Carya-Pinus), and pine (Pinus) were collected one year after the second of two annual prescribed burns. Surface litter was analyzed for nutrients and soil was analyzed for phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and nutrients. Surface litter chemistry differed across the three savannas for potassium (K) and boron (B), being significantly (P < 0.05) higher for unburned forest than for burned forest. Among savannas, only sulfur (S) was higher for the pine savanna and B for the oak-hickory savanna, both were higher for unburned forest than for burned forest. For soil, calcium (Ca) and B differed across savannas, being higher for burned forest than for unburned forest. Among savannas, soil pH, Ca, and B concentrations were higher in soil from burned forest than from unburned forest. Total PLFA differed among savannas, but was not affected by burning treatments. However, the amounts of biomarkers for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were higher while the amount of biomarker for fungal PLFA was lower for burned forest than for unburned forest. Our results indicate that the two annual prescribed burns moderately affected PLFA microbial community structure and litter and soil nutrient concentrations. However, the long-term effects of fire on these study sites are not known and merit further study.     

陆良县森林防火的历史、现状与对策研究

陆良县是森林火灾的高发区,据统计1954—2007年共发生森林火灾980次．分析了火灾发生的规律以及当前防火工作中面临的问题．针对集体林权制度改革后森林防火工作出现的新情况,提出了多方筹集资金、强化政府职能;组建各级森林防火协会;推行森林火灾保险;实行有偿扑火制度;创新管理机制,实行疏堵结合的火源管理;实行生物防火等工作思路．     

林火碳排放研究进展

火是森林生态系统主要的干扰因子, 森林火灾的频繁发生不仅使森林生态系统遭到破坏, 同时也造成了含碳温室气体的大量释放。综述了火烧面积、森林可燃物以及燃烧效率等主要因子对森林火灾排放碳量估计的影响, 分析了这一领域未来研究发展趋势。大量研究表明:1)卫星遥感是估测大尺度上森林过火面积的主要手段, 随着高分辨率卫星的应用, 森林火灾面积的估计精度不断得到提高。目前的研究主要集中于大尺度上林火面积的估计和估算方法的改进。2)遥感数据是目前估计大尺度可燃物燃烧量的有效手段, 利用遥感数据的同时结合有效可燃物计算模型, 运用多元线性与非线性分析结合等方法提高对可燃物燃烧量的估计。3)燃烧效率是决定可燃物消耗量的主要因子, 也是估计森林火灾释放含碳气体量的关键。未来的研究是利用高分辨率的遥感数据, 结合复杂的可燃物计算模型, 更精确地估计林火碳排放。     

湖南省森林火灾人为火源时空分布特征

人为火源是引发森林火灾的主要原因,对火源时空分布特征的认识关系到火源管理工作成效,也是实现林火生态预防的重要基础。以湖南省2001-2008年导致森林火灾的生产性火源和非生产性火源数据为例,应用变异系数、基尼系数和集中度3种方法分析湖南省人为火源的区域差异变动情况、空间分布均衡程度及地域分布。结果表明,生产性火源和非生产性火源的差异变动表现出波动上升趋势,3种方法所反映的火源空间分布特征一致。特别是近3年来,非生产性火源的差异变动幅度大,上升趋势极为明显。表明湖南省森林火灾的生产性火源和非生产性火源的区域差异和空间聚集特征明显;森林火灾的发生受自然调节、人为调控作用影响;近年来,区域非生产性火源导致的森林火灾差距有扩大趋势,空间聚集程度加剧,反映出人类社会活动较大程度上影响了森林火灾的发生;湖南省人为火源引发的森林火灾主要集中在邵阳、长沙和永州等地。     

Experimental Analysis of Fire Resistant Performance of Concrete Frame with Damage Caused by Weak Earthquake

Two monolayer concrete frames with the same reinforcement, KJ1 and KJ2, were designed. KJ1 was designed to simulate low cyclic reversed loading test under weak earthquake. Besides, the fire response test, including temperature rising and lowing, was made by fixing the axial compression ratio of the column. For KJ2, the fire response test at the fixed axial compression ratio was made. The deformation response of the concrete frames in fire was studied. Comparative analysis of the apparent phenomenon, temperature curves, bearing capacity change of the frames were made based on the test results of KJ1 and KJ2. According to the simplified temperature distribution, the ultimate bearing capacity of the column under the high temperature was preliminarily determined. It is illustrated that the calculation results and finally test phenomenon are consistent according to the simplified section.     

基于ATV平台的全地形立体草原防火系统

提出以ATV(全地形车)为移动平台,搭载各种灭火、通讯装备,组成一种反应迅速的草原消防灭火系统,并将复杂地形移动技术、灭火技术和遥控通讯技术有机地融合在一起.对系统方案做了详细介绍,该系统有助于实现草原防火“早发现、早扑灭”的目标,可大大减少火灾损失.